All communicable diseases transmitted from one person to another
through some transmission methods and they spread from the source or reservoir
of infection to a susceptible host. The source of infection may be a person,
animal, object or substance from which an infection is transmitted to the host.
A reservoir may be any person, animal, arthropod, plants,
substance or soil or combination of these in which an infectious agent lives
and multiplies from where it can be transmitted to the susceptible host.
Ex: Reservoir for tetanus bacilli is the soil but the host
is man,
Reservoir for rabies virus is an animal but the host may be
animal or man.
Infectious diseases are those that are transmitted from
person to person by direct or indirect contact. Viruses, bacteria, parasites,
and fungi all cause infectious disease.
Modes of transmission
of Infection:
Infection may be transmitted from the reservoir to the host
by the following modes:
A.
DIRECT
TRANSMISSION
In direct transmission infection is spreads without any
intermediate host.
a)
Direct
contact: some diseases spread from person to person by direct contact.
Ex: shaking hands, kissing, sexual contact etc.
Diseases spread through direct contact are diarrhoea, dysentery,
cholera, typhoid, syphilis, gonorrhea and AIDS.
b)
Droplet
infection:
Respiratory infections transmit through fine droplets during
coughing, sneezing and talking. These droplets contain Diseases pass from one
person to other through inhalation are called droplet infections. This is the
common mode of transmission of diseases. Diseases spread through droplet
infections are common cold, influenza, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles,
chicken pox, small pox, diphtheria, pneumococcal and viral pneumonia etc.
c)
Infected
dust:
The droplets containing pathogenic micro-organisms which are
expelled during sneezing, coughing, talking or laughing by the diseased person
either settles down on articles like clothes, carpets, bedding's, floor or on
other objects. These droplets dried up on those things and released into the
air during dusting, cleaning and bed making. When the healthy person inhales
these dust particles infection starts. Dust particles may also be blown by wind
from infected soil.
Diseases caused by infected dust include, enteric fever,
cholera, amoebic dysentery, pneumonia, tuberculosis and tetanus.
d)
Animal
bite:
Some infections gets transmitted through animal bite such as
dog bite, snake bite etc. diseases transmitted through animal bite includes, rabies,tularemia, plague, monkey pox, listeria, anthrax etc.
e)
Transplacental
transmission:
Some diseases may be transmitted from the infected mother to
the foetus through the placenta. This mode of transmission is known as vertical
transmission. Examples of diseases through this transmission include hepatitis
B, rubella virus, syphilis and AIDS.
B.
INDIRECT
TRANSMISSION
When the transmission of diseases from diseased person to
healthy person occurs through substances like milk, water, insects or fomites it
is known as indirect transmission.
a)
Vehicle
borne:
The common vehicle through which the disease is transmitted
are water, milk, food, blood, blood products, tissues and organs. The diseases
which are spread through water, food or blood are known as water borne, food
borne or blood borne diseases respectively.
Water borne and food borne are the common infections include
enteric fever, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, food poisoning etc.
Milk borne infections include bovine tuberculosis, diphtheria,
sore throat, enteric fever, and dysentery.
Disease transmitted through infected blood is hepatitis B
(serum hepatitis).
b)
Vector
borne:
A vector is defined as an arthropod or any living organism
that transfers the infectious agent to the susceptible host. Examples of such
arthropods include mosquito causing malaria, rat flea causing plague, louse (typhus
fever), flies etc.
Vector borne disease transmission is simply a mechanical
process as the house flies carry the disease agent from one place to another on
their body, wings and legs. Vector borne diseases includes malaria, filariasis,
dengue, plague, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, etc.
c)
Fomite
borne:
Fomites are the inanimate articles which are capable of
absorbing, retaining or transferring infections from one person to another.
The articles which comes in direct contact with the patient
will easily gets contaminated with disease agent and can spread disease to the
healthy persons when they come in contact with these infected articles.
Examples of fomites are clothes, towels, handkerchiefs,
bedding, spoons, drinking glasses, utensils, pen, pencil, books, toys, removed
dressings, toys etc. these articles plays an important role in indirect
transmission of infections.
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